Systematic approaches to history, physical examination, imaging, and ancillary testing in functional and reconstructive urology and urogynecology. The evaluation framework here is deliberately structured for the specialist audience — emphasis is on validated phenotyping tools, the imaging modalities that change reconstructive decisions (RUG, VCUG, MAG3, dynamic pelvic-floor MRI, contrast-enhanced voiding ultrasound), and selected ancillary tests that inform treatment decisions (urodynamics, cystoscopy, anorectal manometry).

Choose tests to answer a clinical question and interpret them alongside symptoms, examination, anatomy, and patient goals. Stricture length, split renal function, and urodynamic measurements inform decisions; none alone determines an operation or establishes that a kidney should be removed. The pages below explain indications, reference values, and limitations.

• History & PhysicalValidated assessment tools and questionnaires, male urogenital exam, and female pelvic examination with POP-Q
• Laboratory StudiesUrinalysis, urine culture, cytology, prostatitis localization, 24-hour urine, and emerging EQUC / next-generation sequencing — interpretation in diversions, augmented bladders, and CIC patients
• ImagingRUG & VCUG, MRI, ultrasound, MAG3 & nuclear, and CT urogram
• Ancillary TestingUrodynamics with normal reference values, cystoscopy, and anorectal function testing