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Anatomy & Physiology

Regional anatomy and physiology for reconstructive urology and pelvic surgery. This section is organized by the operative problem a surgeon is trying to solve: urinary-tract anatomy for reconstruction and diversion, pelvic support anatomy for prolapse and fistula repair, genital anatomy for external reconstruction and sexual function, oral-cavity anatomy for graft harvest, and lower-extremity anatomy for flap work and positioning.

  • Urinary TractKidney, ureter, bladder, male urethra, and female urethra anatomy framed around obstruction, reconstruction, continence, diversion, and surgical exposure.
  • Pelvis & SupportBony pelvis, perineum, pelvic neurovascular anatomy, presacral space, retropubic space, abdominal wall, bowel anatomy, anal anatomy, and GU embryology.
  • GenitaliaPenis, scrotum, testis, prostate, seminal vesicle, cervix, uterus, adnexa, vagina, and female external genitalia.
  • Oral CavityBuccal and lingual mucosa donor-site anatomy for urethral and ureteral substitution.
  • Lower ExtremityLeg and thigh anatomy relevant to gracilis, ALT, SCIP, and related reconstructive options.