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Pelvic Floor, Spaces & Neurovascular

The bony pelvis, pelvic floor, surgical spaces, nerves and vessels form the working field of prolapse, continence, fistula and pelvic reconstructive surgery.

  • The PerineumUrogenital and anal triangles, perineal membrane, perineal body and their muscles.
  • The Anal CanalAnal sphincter complex, anorectal junction and anal verge.
  • The Presacral SpaceBoundaries, the sacral promontory, middle sacral vessels and hypogastric nerves.
  • The Retropubic SpaceSpace of Retzius: dorsal venous complex, obturator canal and Cooper's ligament.
  • Bony Pelvic AnatomyPromontory, ischial spine, sacrospinous ligament and Cooper's ligament as surgical landmarks.
  • Pelvic Vascular AnatomyInternal iliac branches, venous plexuses and collateral circulation.
  • Pelvic NeuroanatomyPelvic plexus, cavernous, pudendal and obturator nerves.