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Penile Implant Models

The two dominant manufacturers of penile implants are Boston Scientific (AMS) and Coloplast, each with a flagship 3-piece inflatable, secondary device lines and a malleable option. Devices from Rigicon, ZSI and Promedon are used internationally. Of these, only Rigicon's Rigi10 malleable prosthesis has FDA 510(k) clearance.[10][14][1][2]

See preoperative evaluation for device-selection framework, and infection for coating-specific antibiotic handling.

Three-Piece Inflatable Penile Prostheses (3-Piece IPP)​

The standard choice for most primary implants. It has two corporal cylinders, a scrotal pump and an abdominal reservoir, and generally gives better flaccidity and rigidity than two-piece and malleable devices.

Boston Scientific AMS 700 Series​

The longest-standing 3-piece platform in clinical use. It originated as the American Medical Systems 700 in the 1980s and has been iterated continuously. InhibiZone is a factory-applied impregnation of rifampin and minocycline hydrochloride. Configurations are available with and without InhibiZone, and availability varies by market; confirm the component label.[3][9] The InhibiZone version is contraindicated in patients with rifampin, minocycline, or other tetracycline hypersensitivity or systemic lupus erythematosus; active urogenital or operative-site skin infection contraindicates either version.[17]

VariantExpansionCuff / cylinderKey features
AMS 700 CXControlled expansion, girth onlyStandard (12 mm deflated, 18 mm inflated per the IFU); 12, 15, 18 and 21 cm, and 24 cm by special orderWidely used 3-piece; MS Pump or TENACIO Pump
AMS 700 LGXLength and girthStandard diameter (12 to 18 mm); 12, 15, 18 and 21 cmLength expansion in addition to girth. The IFU cautions that LGX cylinders in Peyronie's disease may not give a satisfactory result[19]
AMS 700 CXRControlled expansion, girth onlyNarrower and shorter (9.5 mm deflated, 14.5 mm inflated; 10–18 cm)Per the IFU, suits anatomy needing shorter and narrower cylinders and may be useful in reimplantation

Pump: The MS Pump has a deflation button that is pressed for 2–4 seconds to return fluid to the reservoir, and an internal lock-out valve designed to resist autoinflation (IFU).[9][16] The TENACIO Pump is a newer AMS pump used with all three cylinder types, supplied preconnected or not and for infrapubic or penoscrotal placement. Its IFU has the patient fully depress the deflation button and gives no hold time or lockout-valve wording.[17] An FDA recall of specified TENACIO lots is described on the inflatable penile prosthesis device page.

Reservoir: Available in 65 mL (spherical) and 100 mL capacities (spherical or Conceal).[9] The 100 mL Conceal Low Profile Reservoir is available in some markets.[9][16] The operating room manual advises the 100 mL reservoirs with 18 and 21 cm LGX cylinders, and allows a 65 mL reservoir with 12 and 15 cm LGX cylinders if the inflate-deflate test shows 55 mL or less is needed.[16]

Coating handling: Do not soak InhibiZone-treated components before implantation; the manufacturer permits a brief rinse or dip in sterile solution immediately before placement, and warns that alcohols, acetone and other nonpolar solvents can strip the antibiotics. Soaking in saline turns the solution orange as drug leaves the device, so treated components are kept dry on an empty tray or basin after preparation. Store treated devices at no more than 40 °C. Follow the instructions supplied with the specific component.[9][16][17] A complete treated device holds at most 33 mg rifampin and 12 mg minocycline, under 2% of an oral course, and the label says the coating does not replace routine prophylactic antibiotics.[17] In Im and colleagues' in-vitro study, two-minute exposure of treated reservoir discs to 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate did not reduce measured antimicrobial activity compared with saline or vancomycin/gentamicin.[4] See the infection article for clinical evidence and the broader prevention protocol.

Coloplast Titan Series​

The principal competitor to the AMS 700. Its hydrophilic polyvinylpyrrolidone coating absorbs the antibiotic solution the surgeon dips it in immediately before placement, so the surgeon chooses the antibiotic, which the factory-coated AMS does not allow.[5][14]

VariantExpansionKey features
Titan OTR (One Touch Release)Girth expansionHydrophilic coating; one-touch release pump that deflates with one hand using release pads[14]
Titan TouchGirth expansionHydrophilic coating; the manufacturer describes a touch pump in which one firm squeeze of the release pads opens the deflate valve, with the pads serving as a landmark for the patient
Titan with zero-degree tubingGirth expansionThe manufacturer describes proximal tubing that connects to the cylinder at zero degrees to ease insertion

Pump: The one-touch release pads are the main difference between the Titan pump options.

Reservoir: The manufacturer lists a Cloverleaf reservoir with a lock-out valve (75 mL is a listed size).[25] It is a low-profile design used for ectopic reservoir placement, including high submuscular (HSM) placement in patients with altered abdominal anatomy. Confirm sizes in the current catalog.

Coating handling: The device is dipped in the chosen antibiotic solution immediately before placement, commonly for at least 30 seconds. Vancomycin plus gentamicin was associated with the lowest infection rate in the Towe 2020 retrospective multicenter cohort of 468 diabetic men with a Titan (1.4% vs 6.4% for all other dips).[6] In an in-vitro study, adding fluconazole or amphotericin B to the vancomycin-gentamicin dip did not reduce antibacterial activity on the hydrophilic surface.[7] In a retrospective cohort of 2,150 hydrophilic implants, intraoperative 0.05% CHG (Irrisept) was associated with a higher rate of explant for infection (4.6% vs 2.1%, OR 2.07), and this endpoint occurred in 12% of revisions with CHG.[8] The authors advise caution with 0.05% CHG on hydrophilic implants pending prospective data.[8]

Rigicon Infla10 AX / X​

A newer 3-piece platform from Rigicon (Ronkonkoma, NY), marketed as the Infla10 Pulse series (Pulse, Pulse X and Pulse AX). The AX version adds length expansion to girth expansion.[14] The surface carries a HydroShield hydrophilic coating that absorbs a surgeon-selected aqueous or antibiotic dip solution; the manufacturer does not describe a factory-impregnated antibiotic. Reservoirs come in 65, 70 and 110 mL volumes, and cylinder lengths run 10–24 cm.[10] The manufacturer's site lists the device as not available for sale in the United States, while its Rigi10 malleable prosthesis has FDA 510(k) clearance (K181673, 2019). Adoption is growing outside the US; long-term comparative data are accumulating.[10]

Two-Piece Inflatable Penile Prostheses (2-Piece IPP)​

A two-piece prosthesis avoids a separate abdominal reservoir and may suit selected patients with standard-sized anatomy, limited hand function, or a reason to avoid reservoir placement, including extensive pelvic surgery, solid-organ transplant, hernia mesh or prior reservoir complications.[2] The reservoir is integrated into the rear-tip of the cylinders or the pump housing.

ModelManufacturerNotes
AMS AmbicorBoston ScientificPrefilled and preconnected; reservoirs at the proximal end of the cylinders; simple pump; the IFU describes no antibiotic surface treatment[11]; used after radical prostatectomy, cystectomy or transplant when a reservoir is undesirable
Rigicon Infla2PRigiconTwo-piece platform with the reservoir integrated in the scrotal pump; prefilled and preconnected; HydroShield hydrophilic coating; listed by the manufacturer as not available for sale in the United States[10]

Trade-offs: Less rigidity than 3-piece; less complete flaccidity; shorter cylinder expansion range. Selected patients with standard anatomy or limited hand function may also consider a two-piece device to avoid a separate abdominal reservoir; a three-piece device remains the usual primary choice when feasible.[2]

Malleable / Semi-Rigid Prostheses​

Two firm, bendable rods implanted in the corpora cavernosa. The device is manually bent down for concealment and bent up for use. No fluid, no pump, no reservoir.

ModelManufacturerKey features
AMS SpectraBoston ScientificArticulating polymer segments around a central cable connected at each end to a spring in a metal housing, with a silicone outer surface and no antibiotic coating; 9.5, 12 or 14 mm diameters and 12, 16 or 20 cm lengths; snap-fit rear-tip extenders in 0.5 cm increments from 0.5–7.5 cm (excluding 7 cm)[12]
Coloplast GenesisColoplastFlexible silicone elastomer with a hydrophilic polyvinylpyrrolidone coating that takes the surgeon's choice of aqueous solution; 9.5, 11 or 13 mm diameters with corresponding trimmable cylinder lengths of 14–23, 16–25 and 18–27 cm, tail caps in 0, 0.5 and 1 cm sizes, and about 90° of bend flexibility[13]
Boston Scientific TactraBoston ScientificSilicone jacket over an internal cable core (the cited review describes nitinol; the IFU does not name the metal); 9.5, 11 or 13 mm diameters with working lengths of 14–23, 16–25 and 18–27 cm; an 8 cm proximal trimmable zone with graduated markings; 0, 0.5 and 1 cm rear-tip extenders; FDA 510(k) substantial-equivalence clearance on April 16, 2019[14][18][23]
Rigicon Rigi10RigiconStainless-steel interior core with a hydrophilic coating; FDA 510(k) clearance in April 2019[10][14]
Promedon TubePromedonMalleable: PTFE-covered silver twisted wire core through the distal two-thirds for axial rigidity and up to 130° of malleability, over a graded silicone body (soft distal segment, medium-hardness middle segment, high-hardness proximal segment); proximal third trimmable at 5 mm marks, with 10 mm or 15 mm rear-tip extender caps[13]
ZSI 100Zephyr Surgical ImplantsCompact malleable prosthesis used mainly in Europe

Tactra labeling points: the IFU contraindicates the device when total intracorporal length is outside 14–27 cm, in men who need repeated endoscopic procedures beyond routine cystoscopy, and in compromised tissue that cannot bear constant intracorporal pressure. The non-malleable proximal zone plus RTEs must lie proximal to the penoscrotal junction or concealment suffers. Dilate about 1 mm beyond the cylinder diameter, use a corporotomy of about 3 cm or more with the penoscrotal approach, trim with a fresh scalpel blade only down to the lowest graduation, and implant matched pairs. Uncircumcised men have more wound complications with the subcoronal approach.[18]

Where malleables shine:

  • Limited manual dexterity (arthritis, neuromuscular disease, intellectual disability, stroke)
  • Severe corporal fibrosis where inflatable cylinders cannot be safely placed
  • Neophallus after phalloplasty, where malleable devices are one option alongside inflatable devices and both carry substantial complication risk
  • Revision after multiple inflatable device failures
  • Patient preference for simplicity / cost / durability
  • Spinal cord injury patients with impaired dexterity and concerns about intermittent self-catheterization with an inflated cylinder

Where malleables fall short:

  • Aesthetic appearance: always semi-erect, difficult to fully conceal
  • Patient satisfaction scores are generally lower than with inflatable devices
  • In spinal cord injury with absent penile sensation, a permanently rigid malleable rod has been suggested to carry a greater erosion risk than a device whose rigidity can be reduced.[20]

Specialty / Niche Devices​

ZSI 475 (3-piece IPP, Zephyr Surgical Implants)​

European 3-piece IPP with notable design features:

  • One surgeon-made reservoir connection. The proximal cylinder portions and pump come connected; the reservoir tubing is joined to the pump during implantation.[29]
  • Intrascrotal pump with dedicated FTM (female-to-male GAS) variants. The only IPP explicitly designed and sized for neophallus placement
  • Used in European gender-affirming surgery centers; a review lists the ZSI 475 as not yet FDA approved.[14] A 30-study systematic review reported 25.7% initial mechanical failure for ZSI 475 in its included studies but called the evidence preliminary.[22]

The ZSI 475 FTM is the contemporary IPP with a variant specifically designed for phalloplasty, and early outcomes have been reported.[15] Many centers use standard AMS or Coloplast devices in that population.

ZSI 100 / 475 FTM — dedicated GAS variants​

Specific neophallus-sized devices with modified anchoring points and shorter cylinder profiles to suit neocorporal anatomy. See the GAS section for additional detail on phalloplasty prosthesis considerations.

Coating Technology Comparison​

TechnologyManufacturerMechanismPractical implications
InhibiZoneBoston ScientificFactory-applied rifampin + minocycline hydrochloride impregnationDo not soak; a brief sterile rinse/dip immediately before implantation is permitted by the cited instructions. Does not replace the usual antibiotic protocol.[9]
Hydrophilic PVPColoplast (Titan)Polyvinylpyrrolidone surface absorbs surgeon-applied antibiotic dipSurgeon-customized antibiotic choice; dip for at least 30 sec; 0.05% CHG was associated with more infections in one cohort[8]
HydroShield hydrophilicRigiconHydrophilic surface that absorbs a surgeon-selected dip solutionPer-manufacturer instructions for the dip solution; comparative CHG data exist only for Titan[10]
Parylene microcoatingBoston Scientific AMS 700Internal, non-tissue-contacting coating designed to reduce cylinder friction and wearMechanical durability feature; separate from the external InhibiZone antibiotic treatment.[16]

The coating decision is central to the broader antibiotic strategy; see the infection article for the complete device-specific framework including the 2026 Irrisept pivot.

Device Selection — a Practical Framework​

Primary, virgin anatomy, no special considerations​

  • Default: 3-piece AMS 700 CX/LGX or Coloplast Titan OTR/Touch.
  • Choice between AMS and Coloplast is largely surgeon preference and institutional experience.
  • For patients with arthritis, tremor, or reduced hand strength, confirm that they can operate the selected pump. Titan/Titan Touch labeling cautions against implantation when dexterity or strength is inadequate, and one demonstration-model study associated lower pinch strength with greater difficulty inflating Titan Touch.[27][28]
  • AMS 700 LGX adds length expansion; the IFU cautions against LGX in Peyronie's disease.

Prior pelvic surgery (radical prostatectomy, cystectomy, transplant)​

  • A 3-piece device with an ectopic reservoir, such as HSM, is an option when prior surgery makes retropubic placement unfavorable; select the site for the patient's anatomy and operative history. See reservoir placement.[33]
  • AMS Ambicor 2-piece when HSM is not feasible (extensive mesh, multiple reservoir complications).

Severe corporal fibrosis​

  • Narrow inflatable cylinders: AMS 700 CXR and Coloplast Titan Narrow Base; Rigicon Infla10 NarrowBody is another option where marketed. Select by measured corporal length and caliber, local availability, and surgeon experience.[30]
  • Malleable (Tactra, Rigi10) when fibrosis precludes safe inflatable placement.

Peyronie's disease + ED​

  • 3-piece. Peyronie's modeling is compatible with any 3-piece device, although the AMS 700 IFU states that LGX cylinders in Peyronie's disease may not give a satisfactory result.
  • For severe curvature requiring additional reconstruction, a subcoronal incision provides access through one incision.[24]

Limited manual dexterity, neuromuscular disease, intellectual disability​

  • Malleable. Tactra, Genesis, Rigi10, Spectra. Simplicity and durability outweigh aesthetic considerations.

Neophallus (phalloplasty)​

  • Neophallus: options include the dedicated ZSI 475 FTM inflatable device, other inflatable devices, and malleable rods.[15] A nine-study meta-analysis estimated overall complications at 38% (95% CI 21–59) with inflatable and 37% (18–62) with malleable prostheses, without a statistically detected difference.[21] Anchoring anatomy, erosion risk, patient priorities, and team experience also inform device choice.[15] In a single-surgeon retrospective comparison after phalloplasty, base breakage occurred in 4/22 ZSI 100 FTM malleable procedures versus 0/26 conventional malleable procedures during follow-up; the groups were small and treated in different eras.[34]

Revision after prior infection​

  • 3-piece with antibiotic coating (both AMS and Coloplast are acceptable).
  • Some surgeons favor switching manufacturer at revision (AMS to Coloplast or vice versa) to alter the surface-microbe interaction, though evidence supporting this is anecdotal.
  • Consider malleable in the highest-risk reinfection-prone patient.

Device Sizing​

Cylinder length​

  • Measured from proximal crus to distal glans with the Coloplast or Boston Scientific corporal measuring device
  • AMS 700 lengths are 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 cm for the CX (24 cm by special order), 12 to 21 cm for the LGX and 10 to 18 cm in 2 cm steps for the CXR (device- and manufacturer-specific)[16][17]
  • Rear-tip extenders (RTEs) for the AMS 700 come in 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 cm; only the 1.5 cm extender can be stacked, and CXR extenders do not fit CX or LGX cylinders. Check attachment by spinning the extender once seated[16][17]
  • The AMS manual gives two sizing methods for CX and LGX cylinders: choose the cylinder no longer than total corporal length (tubing partly inside the corpora, more risk of kinking), or subtract 2 cm and add extenders so the tubing exits at the corporotomy. The CXR proximal segment is longer than the CX (0.7 cm in the TENACIO IFU, 1.5 cm in the older operating room manual).[16][17] The AMS 700 TENACIO IFU directs proximal dilation to at least 11 mm when the tubing exits at the corporotomy (larger if the tubing lies within the proximal corpus) and distal dilation to at least 12 mm.[17] Separately, in uncomplicated primary placements without fibrosis, a matched retrospective study associated single dilation with fewer postoperative noninfectious complications than sequential dilation, with no observed difference in cylinder length.[31]
  • Total length (cylinder plus RTE) should match measured corporal length. Undersizing can leave the cylinder tip short of the distal corpus so the glans droops forward (SST deformity); oversizing can cause painful cylinder buckling and distal erosion.[32]

Reservoir volume​

  • 65 mL. AMS spherical reservoir.[9]
  • 75 or 125 mL. Coloplast Cloverleaf reservoir with lock-out valve (manufacturer listing).[26]
  • 100 mL. AMS spherical or Conceal reservoir.[16] The AMS IFU states that the Conceal can be filled up to 100 mL to accommodate all cylinder sizes.[16][17]

The AMS 700 operating manual directs filling generally to the reservoir’s labeled volume (65 or 100 mL); the 100-mL Conceal reservoir may be filled up to 100 mL according to cylinder requirements.[9][16][17]

Manufacturer Support and Device ID​

All current devices come with:

  • Patient identification card. For TSA screening, MRI compatibility information, and future revision reference
  • MRI compatibility. Contemporary IPPs are MR conditional. The older AMS 700 global IFU specifies a static magnetic field of 3 T or less at a spatial gradient of 720 gauss/cm or less; the current MS Pump and TENACIO IFUs list 1.5 T or 3 T, gradients up to 40 T/m, normal operating mode and artifact extending about 36 mm (MS Pump) or 33 mm (TENACIO); Tactra allows 1.5 T and 3 T with a body coil and artifact of about 29.5 mm; and the Ambicor IFU gives conditions for 1.5 T and 3 T. Patients should present the ID card at imaging.[9][11][17][18][19]
  • Warranty. Manufacturers state a limited warranty on device components, and the AMS IFU notes that penile prostheses are not considered lifetime implants.[9][17] AMS states that system reliability was verified to at least 1,000 inflate-deflate cycles, which it equates to two erect states a week for 10 years.[9][17]
  • Clinician support line. Both AMS and Coloplast provide one for intraoperative device questions.

See Also​

Videos​

The Malleable Penile Implant: The Good and the Not So Good
Clavell Urology (2025)

References​

1. Barnard JT, Cakir OO, Ralph D, Yafi FA. Technological advances in penile implant surgery. J Sex Med. 2021;18(7):1158–1166. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.04.011

2. Goodstein T, Jenkins LC. A narrative review on malleable and inflatable penile implants: choosing the right implant for the right patient. Int J Impot Res. 2023;35(7):623–628. doi:10.1038/s41443-023-00765-7

3. Carson CC III, Mulcahy JJ, Harsch MR. Long-term infection outcomes after original antibiotic impregnated inflatable penile prosthesis implants: up to 7.7 years of follow-up. J Urol. 2011;185(2):614–618. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.094

4. Im BH, Giordano A, Shah S, et al. Minocycline-rifampin-impregnated penile prosthesis surfaces retain antimicrobial activity following irrigation with 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate and antibiotic solutions. J Sex Med. 2024;21(9):823–826. doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae093. PubMed. Author-name correction: J Sex Med. 2024;21(11):1094. doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae128 (corrects Samone Guillaume's name).

5. Wolter CE, Hellstrom WJG. The hydrophilic-coated inflatable penile prosthesis: 1-year experience. J Sex Med. 2004;1(2):221–224. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2004.04032.x

6. Towe M, Huynh LM, Osman MM, et al. Impact of antimicrobial dipping solutions on postoperative infection rates in patients with diabetes undergoing primary insertion of a Coloplast Titan inflatable penile prosthesis. J Sex Med. 2020;17(10):2077–2083. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.07.009

7. Im B, Giordano A, Winslow A, et al. Addition of antifungal agents to antibiotic solutions does not diminish the antibacterial properties of penile prosthesis hydrophilic surface dips. J Sex Med. 2026;23(2). doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf372

8. Ivan SJ, Abou Chawareb E, Hammad M, et al. Intraoperative 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate utilization is associated with an increased incidence of infection in hydrophilic inflatable penile prosthesis surgery. J Urol. 2026;215(4):460–471. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000004853

9. Boston Scientific. AMS 700 with MS Pump Penile Prosthesis: Instructions for Use. Device description and InhibiZone-related precautions. Manufacturer IFU. Accessed September 11, 2026.

10. Rigicon. Infla10 Pulse and Infla2P product pages; FDA 510(k) K181673, Rigi10 Malleable Penile Prosthesis (decision April 15, 2019). Manufacturer site.

11. Boston Scientific. AMS Ambicor Penile Prosthesis: Instructions for Use. 92113093-01A. Brief device description; MRI section. Manufacturer IFU.

12. American Medical Systems (Boston Scientific). AMS Spectra Concealable Penile Prosthesis: 510(k) Summary. FDA K082006, decision October 20, 2008. FDA 510(k) database.

13. Chung E, Wang J. State-of-art review of current malleable penile prosthesis devices in the commercial market. Ther Adv Urol. 2023;15:17562872231179008. doi:10.1177/17562872231179008

14. Patel J, Zakkar B, Polchert M, et al. Recent technological development of penile prosthesis: a literature review. Transl Androl Urol. 2024;13(1):165–184. doi:10.21037/tau-22-741

15. Neuville P, Morel-Journel N, Cabelguenne D, et al. First outcomes of the ZSI 475 FtM, a specific prosthesis designed for phalloplasty. J Sex Med. 2019;16(2):316–322. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.11.013

16. Boston Scientific (American Medical Systems). AMS 700 with MS Pump Penile Prosthesis: Operating Room Manual. 92127382-01C, 2019.

17. Boston Scientific. AMS 700 Inflatable Penile Prosthesis with TENACIO Pump: Instructions for Use. 51558342-01A (US English).

18. Boston Scientific. Tactra Malleable Penile Prosthesis: Instructions for Use. 51519609-01A, November 2025.

19. Boston Scientific. AMS 700 with MS Pump Inflatable Penile Prosthesis: Instructions for Use (ectopic reservoir edition). 51873615-01A; and AMS 700 with MS Pump Penile Prosthesis Product Line: Instructions for Use. 92162915-01B (global edition, English section).

20. Köhler TS, Gupta NK, Wilson SK. Considerations to Facilitate Physicians' Choice of Implant. In: Köhler TS, Gupta NK, Wilson SK, eds. Wilson's Pearls, Perils and Pitfalls of Penile Prosthesis Surgery. 2nd ed. Calvert McBride Publishers; 2018:20-26.

21. Fraiman E, Nandwana D, Loria M, et al. "Complication and Explantation Rates of Penile Prostheses in Transmasculine Patients: A Meta-analysis." Urology. 2024;194:260-268. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2024.08.022

22. Lo Re M, Pezzoli M, Cocci A, et al. "Removal rate and mechanical failure in penile prosthesis implantation: A systematic review." Int J Impot Res. 2026;38(3):226-237. doi:10.1038/s41443-025-01165-9

23. US Food and Drug Administration. 510(k) Premarket Notification K183619: Tactra Penile Prosthesis. Decision April 16, 2019. FDA record

24. Feng CL, Langbo WA, Anderson LK, et al. "Subcoronal inflatable penile prosthesis implantation: indications and outcomes." J Sex Med. 2023;20(6):888-892. doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdad049

25. Coloplast. Titan Inflatable Penile Prosthesis: Product Options. Manufacturer product listing.

26. Coloplast. Titan Inflatable Penile Prosthesis: Product Options. Manufacturer product listing.

27. Coloplast. Titan and Titan Touch Inflatable Penile Prosthesis: Important Safety Information. PM-15451; 2021. Manufacturer label.

28. Masterson JM, Horodyski L, Patel R, Kineish O, Kohn TP, Ramasamy R. "Impact of key pinch strength on patient preference for inflatable penile prosthesis: a prospective study comparing Coloplast™ and AMS™ models." Int J Impot Res. 2020;32(1):113–116. doi:10.1038/s41443-019-0129-8

29. Zephyr Surgical Implants. ZSI 475 3 Component Inflatable Penile Implant. Manufacturer brochure, version 6. Manufacturer PDF.

30. Chang YK, Gillman N, Chung E. "Optimizing cylinder selection in inflatable penile prosthesis surgery: a narrative review." Int J Impot Res. 2026. doi:10.1038/s41443-026-01259-y

31. Chang C, Barham DW, Dalimov Z, et al. "Single Dilation in Primary Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Placement Is Associated With Fewer Corporal Complications Than Sequential Dilation." Urology. 2023;181:150–154. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2023.06.037

32. Uski ACVR, Piccolo LM, Abud CP, et al. "MRI of Penile Prostheses: The Challenge of Diagnosing Postsurgical Complications." Radiographics. 2022;42(1):159–175. doi:10.1148/rg.210075

33. Atwater B, Krug A, Gross MS, Marty-Roix R, Chapin L, Morey AF. "A review of the safety and efficacy of inflatable penile prosthesis ectopic reservoir placement." Sex Med Rev. 2025;13(1):20–32. doi:10.1093/sxmrev/qeae067

34. Levy M, van Abbema EL, Ronkes BL, Bouman MB, van Moorselaar RJA, Pigot GLS. "Out with the old, in with the new? A retrospective comparison of malleable erectile implants in phalloplasty." BJU Int. 2026. doi:10.1111/bju.70166